002 Al-Baqara

This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for the righteous[2],

Translation notes: [2] Literally, "those who have taqwā," i.e., who have piety, righteousness, fear and love of Allah, and who take great care of avoiding His displeasure.

those who believe in the unseen, establish prayer[3], and spend out of what We[4] have provided for them,

Translation notes: [3] At its proper times and fulfill its all conditions. [4] "We" in reference to Allah in the Qur’anic verses is necessarily understood to denote grandeur and power.

and those who believe in what has been sent down to you [O Prophet] and in what was sent down before you[5], and in the Hereafter they believe with certainty.

Translation notes: [5] i.e., the Taurāt (Torah) and the Injīl (Gospel), etc.

It is they who are upon guidance from their Lord, and it is they who are successful.

Those who persist in disbelief, it is the same whether you warn them or not, they will not believe.

Allah has sealed their hearts and their hearing, and their sight is covered[6]; and for them there will be a great punishment.

Translation notes: [6] A covering preventing from discerning guidance, as a result of their arrogance and persistence in sin.

There are some people[7] who say, “We believe in Allah and the Last Day,” whereas they are not believers.

Translation notes: [7] i.e., the hypocrites.

They seek to deceive Allah and those who believe, while they deceive none but themselves, but they do not realize.

In their hearts is a sickness[8], and Allah increased their sickness, and they will have a painful punishment for their persistent lying.

Translation notes: [8] The "sickness" mentioned here includes doubt, hypocrisy, arrogance and disbelief.

When it is said to them, “Do not spread corruption in the land,” they say, “We are only reformers.”

Indeed, it is they who spread corruption, but they do not realize.

When it is said to them, “Believe as the people have believed,” they say, “Shall we believe as the fools[9] have believed?” Indeed, it is they who are the fools, but they do not know.

Translation notes: [9] The hypocrites were considering the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) to be fools, whereas they themselves were fools.

When they meet those who believe, they say, “We believe.” But when they are alone with their evil ones[10], they say, “We are certainly with you; we were only mocking.”

Translation notes: [10] i.e., their leaders in evil and disbelief.

Allah will mock them[11] and prolong them to wander blindly in their transgression.

Translation notes: [11] Allah mocks them in response to their mocking Muslims.

They are those who purchased misguidance for guidance, but their trade was profitless, and they were not guided.

Their likeness is that of someone who kindles a fire. When it illuminates all around him, Allah takes away their light, leaving them in utter darkness, unable to see[12].

Translation notes: [12] This is the situation of the hypocrites in the darkness of doubt and disbelief, not seeing the truth and guidance.

Deaf, dumb, and blind; they will not return [to the straight path].

Or like a downpour from the sky accompanied by darkness, thunder, and lightning. They put their fingers into their ears out of thunderclaps, for fear of death. But Allah encompasses the disbelievers.

The lightning almost snatches away their eyesight. Every time lightning[13] strikes, they walk in its light, but when it becomes dark, they stand still. If Allah had willed, He would have taken away their hearing and their sight; for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

Translation notes: [13] The parable of lightning is that of the light of the Qur’an.

O people, worship your Lord, Who created you and those before you, so that you may become righteous;

He Who made the earth a resting place for you, and the sky a canopy; and sends down rain from the sky, and brings forth fruits thereby as a provision for you. So do not set up rivals to Allah while you know[14].

Translation notes: [14] Do not set up rivals to Allah (in worship), Who has provided you with all these things, and you know that He alone is worthy of worship.

If you are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down upon Our slave[15], then produce a chapter like it and call upon your helpers other than Allah, if you are truthful.

Translation notes: [15] “Our servant” is referring to Muhammad (ﷺ).

But if you did not do it, and you can never do it; then beware of the Fire whose fuel will be people and stones, which is prepared for the disbelievers.

And give glad tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens under which rivers flow. Every time they are provided with a provision of fruit therefrom, they will say, “This is what we were provided with before,” for they will be given fruit that resemble one another. They will have purified spouses, and they will abide therein forever.

Allah is not ashamed to give a similitude of a mosquito or even something less [significant][16]. As for those who believe, they know that this is the truth from their Lord; but those who disbelieve say, “What does Allah mean by this similitude?” He causes many to go astray thereby and guides many thereby, but He causes none to go astray except the evildoers –

Translation notes: [16] Lit., "above it" i.e., greater in smallness.

those who break the covenant of Allah after it has been ratified, sever bonds that Allah has commanded to be maintained[17], and spread corruption in the land. It is they who are the losers.

Translation notes: [17] By keeping good relations with kith and kin.

How can you disbelieve in Allah, when you were lifeless then He gave you life, then He will cause you to die, then He will bring you back to life again, then to Him you will be returned?

It is He Who created for you all that is in the earth, then He turned towards the heaven and made them seven heavens, and He is All-Knowing of everything.

And [remember] when your Lord said to the angels, “I am going to appoint a vicegerent on earth.” They said, “Will You appoint on it someone who will spread corruption therein and shed blood, while we glorify You with Your praises and proclaim Your holiness?” He said, “I know that which you do not know.”

And He taught Adam the names of everything; then He presented them to the angels, and said, “Tell Me the names of these, if what you say is true?”

They said, “Glory be to You! We have no knowledge except what You have taught us. Indeed, it is You Who are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.”

He said, “O Adam, inform them of their names.” When he informed them of their names, Allah said, “Did I not tell you that I know the unseen of the heavens and earth, and I know what you reveal and what you conceal?”

And when We said to the angels, “Prostrate before Adam[18],” and they prostrated except Iblīs[19]; he refused and was arrogant, and was one of the disbelievers.

Translation notes: [18] This prostration was done in obedience to Allah, out of respect, not worship. [19] The proper name of Satan, who was not an angel, but from the jinn.

We said, “O Adam, dwell in Paradise, you and your wife; and eat pleasantly from wherever you wish, but do not approach this tree, or else you will both become the wrongdoers.”

Then Satan tempted them and drove them out of the state they were in, and We said, “Go down [to the earth], as enemies to one another. You will have abode on earth and provision for an appointed time[20].”

Translation notes: [20] Until the Day of Judgment.

Then Adam received some words[21] from his Lord, and He accepted his repentance. He is the Accepter of repentance, the Most Merciful.

Translation notes: [21] These words, or supplications are: “They [both] said: “Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy upon us, we will surely be among the losers.” See 7:23.

We said, “Go down all of you from here[22]! Then when My guidance comes to you; whoever follows My guidance, will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

Translation notes: [22] The addressees were Adam, Eve and Satan.

But those who disbelieve and reject Our signs, they are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.”

O Children of Israel[23], remember My favor that I bestowed upon you, and fulfill My covenant; I will fulfill your covenant[24], and fear none but Me.

Translation notes: [23] Israel is Prophet Jacob (عليه السلام). The use of the epithet ‘Children of Israel’ for the Israelites is to remind them to follow their ancestor from whom they are descended. [24] This mutual pledge is as follows: If the Children of Israel keep up the prayer, give zakah, believe in and support the prophets, and spend in the cause of Allah, Allah will, in return, expiate their sins and admit them to the Gardens under which rivers flow, i.e., Paradise.

And believe in what I have sent down[25] which confirms that [Scripture] which is with you, and do not be the first to disbelieve in it, nor trade my verses for a small price, and fear Me alone.

Translation notes: [25] i.e., the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), which is mentioned in the Torah.

And do not mix the truth with falsehood, nor conceal the truth knowingly[26].

Translation notes: [26] The prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

And establish prayer, give zakah, and bow [to Allah] with those who bow[27].

Translation notes: [27] This command is to the Children of Israel to bow down in obedience to Allah with Muhammad, as the Muslims do, i.e., embrace Islam.

Do you enjoin righteousness upon people while you forget yourselves, even though you recite the Scripture[28]? Do you not understand?

Translation notes: [28] i.e., the Torah.

Seek help through patience and prayer. It is strenuous except for the humble,

those who are sure that they are going to meet their Lord, and that they will return to Him.

O Children of Israel, remember My blessing which I bestowed upon you and that I favored you over all other people[29].

Translation notes: [29] In their time, Allah favored them with certain privileges over other people such as sending them prophets and divine Books, and giving them kingship.

And fear a Day when no soul will avail another anything, nor intercession will be accepted, nor compensation taken, nor will they be helped.

And [remember] when We saved you from Pharaoh’s people, who were inflicting dreadful torment upon you: slaughtering your sons and sparing your women. That was a great trial from your Lord.

And [remember] when We parted the sea for you and saved you, while We drowned the people of Pharaoh while you were looking on.

And [remember] when We appointed for Moses forty nights. Then you took the calf [for worship] in his absence, while you were wrongdoers.

Yet We pardoned you after that, so that you may be grateful.

And [remember] when We gave Moses the Scripture and the criterion[30], so that you may be guided.

Translation notes: [30] Differentiating between truth and falsehood. "The Scripture and the criterion" refers to the Torah.

And [remember] when Moses said to his people, “O my people, you have wronged yourselves by taking the calf [for worship]. So repent to your Creator and kill yourselves [i.e., the guilty among you]; that is best for you with your Creator.” Then He accepted your repentance, for He is the Accepter of Repentance, the Most Merciful.

And [remember] when you said, “O Moses, we will never believe you until we see Allah openly,” so a thunderbolt struck you while you were looking on.

Then We raised you back to life after your death, so that you may be grateful.

And We shaded you with clouds and sent down to you manna and quails[31], [saying], “Eat of the good things We have provided for you.” They did not wrong Us, but they wronged themselves.

Translation notes: [31] They both have linguistic roots in Arabic; "al-mann" means that which is God-given without effort, while "al-salwā" means that in which one finds consolation and comfort.

And [remember] when We said, “Enter this town [of Jerusalem] and eat freely from wherever you wish, and enter the gate bowing down humbly and say, ‘Absolve us[32].’ We will forgive you your sins and increase [the reward of] those who do good.”

Translation notes: [32] In gratitude to Allah and admission of sin.

But the wrongdoers changed the words to other than what they were told[33]; so We sent down upon the wrongdoers a torment from the heaven for their rebelliousness.

Translation notes: [33] They were asked to seek forgiveness. The word is hittah, which means: to put down a burden, but they twisted their tongues to mean ‘barley’, hintah.

And [remember] when Moses asked for water for his people, and We said, “Strike the rock with your staff,” Then twelve springs gushed forth from it; each tribe knew its drinking place[34]. “Eat and drink from Allah’s provision, and do not spread corruption in the land.”

Translation notes: [34] The twelve tribes of the Children of Israel, who are called "Asbāt".

And [remember] when you said, “O Moses, we cannot bear the same meal. So call upon your Lord to bring forth for us from what the earth produces – its herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, and onions.” Moses said, “Would you exchange what is better for what is inferior? Go down to any town and you will have what you have asked for.” They were struck with humiliation and destitution, and incurred the wrath of Allah. That was because they used to reject the signs of Allah and kill the prophets unjustly. That was because they disobeyed and were transgressors.

The believers and those who were Jews, Christians, and the Sabians [before Prophet Muhammad] – whoever believed in Allah and the Last Day and did righteous deed, they will have their reward with their Lord, and they will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

And [remember] when We took your covenant [O Children of Israel] and raised above you the mountain [saying], “Hold firmly to what We have given you and observe its teachings, so that you may become righteous.”

But then you turned away after that. If it had not been for the grace and mercy of Allah upon you, you would have surely been among the losers.

And you know about those among you who broke the Sabbath, whereupon We said to them, “Be apes, despised.”

So We made it a deterrent punishment for those alive and for those who succeeded them, and an admonition for the righteous.

And [remember] when Moses said to his people, “Allah commands you to slaughter a cow.” They said, “Are you mocking us?” Moses said, “I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant!”

They said, “Call upon your Lord to make clear to us what [type of cow] it is.” He said, “Allah says, ‘It is a cow that is neither too old nor too young, but somewhere in between. So do as you are commanded!’”

They said, “Call upon your Lord to show us its color.” He said, “Allah says, ‘It is a yellow cow, bright in color – pleasing to the beholders.’”

They again said, “Call upon your Lord to make clear to us what it is. All cows look alike to us. If Allah wills, we will surely be guided.”

He said, “Allah says, ‘It is a cow neither trained to plow the earth nor water the field; sound, without blemish.’” They said, “Now you have come with the truth.” Then they slaughtered it, although they were almost not doing it.

And [remember] when you [Israelites] slew a man and disputed as to who the killer was, but Allah exposed what you were concealing.

We said, “Strike the slain with a piece of it.” This is how Allah brings the dead to life and shows you His signs, so that you may understand.

Then your hearts became hardened after that, like rocks or even harder. There are rocks from which rivers gush forth, and there are others that split open from which water comes out, while others fall down out of humility to Allah. And Allah is not unaware of what you do.

Do you [O believers] hope that they would respond to your call to believe, while a party of them used to hear the word of Allah[35] then distort it knowingly after understanding it?

Translation notes: [35] i.e., the Torah.

And when they meet the believers they say, “We believe.” But when they[36] meet one another in private they say, “Are you telling them what Allah has revealed to you [about Mohammad], so that they may argue against you before your Lord? Have you no sense?”

Translation notes: [36] i.e., the Jews.

Do they not know that Allah knows what they conceal and what they reveal?

And among them, there are illiterate people, who know nothing of the Scripture except wishful thinking, and they do nothing but guesswork.

So woe to those who write the Scripture with their own hands, and then say, “This is from Allah,” in order to trade it for a small price. Woe to them for what their hands have written, and woe to them for what they earn.

And they say, “The Fire will never touch us except for a few days.” Say, “Have you taken a covenant from Allah; for Allah will never break His covenant, or are you saying about Allah what you do not know?”

No indeed! Those who do evil and are surrounded by their sins – they are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.

But those who believe and do righteous deeds – they are the people of Paradise; they will abide therein forever.

And [remember] when We took a covenant from the Children of Israel, “Do not worship except Allah; be kind to parents and kindred, and to orphans and those in need; speak good words to people; establish prayer; and give Zakah.” But then you turned away paying no heed, except a few of you.

And [remember] when We took a covenant from you that you should neither shed blood of one another, nor expel one another from your homes. Then you acknowledged it, while bearing witness to it.

Then here you are, killing one another and expelling a group of your people from their homes, aiding one another against them in sin and aggression. And if they come to you as captives, you ransom them, although their expulsion was forbidden to you[37]. Do you then believe in part of the Scripture and deny another part? Then what is the recompense for those who do so among you except disgrace in this life, and on the Day of Resurrection they will be subjected to the severest torment? For Allah is not unaware of what you do.

Translation notes: [37] There were three Jewish tribes who allied themselves with the two Arab tribes of Madinah before Islam: Banū Qaynuqā‘, Banū an-Nadīr and Banū Qurayzah. In their prolonged feuds, the Jewish clans fought alongside their allies against their brethren.

These are the people who have purchased the life of this world for the Hereafter; their punishment will not be lightened, nor will they be helped.

We gave Moses the Scripture and sent a succession of messengers after him. We gave Jesus, the son of Mary, clear signs and strengthened him with the Holy Spirit[38]. Is it that every time a messenger comes to you [O Israelites] with something against your desires, you become arrogant; some of them you rejected, and others you killed?

Translation notes: [38] i.e., the Angel Gabriel (عليه السلام).

They say, “Our hearts are wrapped.” Nay, Allah has cursed them for their disbelief, little is it that they believe.

Now that there has come to them a Book from Allah[39], confirming that which is with them[40] – although they used to pray for victory over the disbelievers in the past. But when there came to them what they recognize [to be true], they rejected it. May the curse of Allah be upon the disbelievers!

Translation notes: [39] i.e., the Qur’an. [40] i.e., the Jews.

How miserable is the price for which they sold their souls – disbelieving in Allah’s revelation out of jealous hatred that Allah would send down His grace to whom He wills of His slaves! Thus they have incurred wrath upon wrath[41], and for the disbelievers, there will be a disgracing punishment.

Translation notes: [41] They deserved double wrath: firstly for their earlier rebelliousness and then for denying Muhammad (ﷺ).

When it is said to them, “Believe in what Allah has sent down[42],” they say, “We only believe in what was sent down to us[43],” and they deny what came afterwards, although it is the truth confirming that which is with them. Say, “Then why did you kill the prophets of Allah before, if you were truly believers?”

Translation notes: [42] i.e., the Qur’an. [43] i.e., the Torah.

Moses came to you with clear signs, yet you took the calf [for worship] in his absence, while you were wrongdoers.

And [remember] when We took a covenant from you and We raised above you the mountain [saying], “Hold firmly to what We have given you and obey,” they said, “We hear and disobey.” The love of [worshiping] the calf was engraved in their hearts because of their disbelief. Say, “How wretched is what your faith enjoins you, if you are believers!”

Say, “If the Home of the Hereafter with Allah is only for you [O Israelites] among all humans, then wish for death, if you are truthful.”

But they will never wish for that because of what their hands have sent forth. And Allah is All-Knowing of the wrongdoers.

And you will surely find them the most greedy people for life, even more than the polytheists. Each one of them wishes to have a life of a thousand years. Even if they were granted such a long life, it would not save them from the punishment; for Allah is All-Seeing of what they do.

Say [O Prophet], “Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel – it is he who brings down this [Qur’an] to your heart by Allah’s permission, confirming what came before it, and a guidance and glad tidings for the believers.”

Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, and to Gabriel and Michael – then Allah is indeed an enemy to the disbelievers.

We have sent down to you clear proofs, and none will reject them except the evildoers.

Is it that every time they ratify a covenant, a party of them cast it aside? In fact, most of them do not believe.

And when a messenger[44] from Allah came to them – confirming what was with them, a party of the People of the Book cast Allah’s Scripture behind their backs as if they did not know.

Translation notes: [44] i.e., Muhammad (ﷺ).

They followed what was recited by the devils during the kingdom of Solomon. It was not Solomon who disbelieved, but the devils disbelieved, teaching people magic and that which was revealed to the two angels Hārūt and Mārūt in Babylon. But these two angels did not teach anyone without telling them, “We are only a test, so do not disbelieve.” Yet they would learn from them what would cause separation between a man and his wife. But they could not harm anyone except by Allah’s permission. They would learn what harmed them and did not benefit them, although they already knew that whoever gets into it would not have any share in the Hereafter. How terrible was the price for which they sold themselves, if only they knew!

If only they had believed and feared Allah, they would have had a better reward from Allah, if only they knew!

O you who believe, do not say, “Rā‘inā,” [i.e., consider our situation!] But say, “Unzhurnā,” [i.e., wait for us!] and listen. And for the disbelievers there will be a painful torment.

Neither those who disbelieved from the People of the Book nor the polytheists wish that your Lord sends down any good to you [O Muslims]. But Allah chooses for His mercy whom He wills, for Allah is the possessor of great bounty.

We do not abrogate a verse or cause it to be forgotten except that We bring a better one or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah is Most Capable of all things?

Do you not know that to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and earth, and that you have no protector or supporter besides Allah?

Or would you like to question your Messenger as Moses was questioned before? Whoever exchanges faith for disbelief has indeed strayed from the sound path.

Many of the people of the Book wish they could turn you back to disbelief after you have believed, out of the envy in their hearts, after the truth has become evident to them. But pardon and overlook until Allah passes His decree[45], for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

Translation notes: [45] The provision of this verse has been abrogated, as Allah passed His decree.

And establish prayer and give zakah. Whatever good you send forth for yourselves, you will find it with Allah, for Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.

And they say, “None will enter Paradise except a Jew or a Christian.” That is their wishful thinking. Say, “Produce your proof, if you are truthful.”

On the contrary, whoever submits himself to Allah and is a doer of good will have his reward with his Lord. They will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

The Jews say, “The Christians have nothing to stand on” and the Christians say, “The Jews have nothing to stand on[46],” although they both recite the Scripture. And those [pagans] who have no knowledge say something similar. Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection concerning that over which they used to differ.

Translation notes: [46] This incident is documented when the Christians of Najrān came to the Messenger of Allah, the rabbis met them and both parties disputed.

Who does greater wrong than the one who prevents Allah’s name to be mentioned in His mosques and strives for their destruction? Such people do not deserve to enter them except in fear[47]. There is a disgrace for them in this world and a great punishment in the Hereafter.

Translation notes: [47] Fear of divine justice or the believers will seize them.

To Allah belong the east and the west; wherever you turn, there is the Face of Allah[48]. For Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.

Translation notes: [48] i.e., the direction of prayer (Qiblah). This is by way of consolation to the believers that one can find Allah wherever one turns in case of mistake, or prayer of those who prayed to the direction of Jerusalem, etc.

They say, “Allah has taken a son[49]”. Glory be to Him! Rather, to Him belongs all that is in the heavens and earth – all are devoutly obedient to Him.

Translation notes: [49] The Jews claimed that Ezra was the son of God, the Christians claimed that Jesus was the son of God, and the Arab pagans claimed that the angels were God’s daughters.

The Originator of the heavens and earth. When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, “Be,” and it is.

Those who have no knowledge[50] say, “If only Allah would speak to us or a sign be given to us.” Those who came before them said similar words. Their hearts are all alike. We have made the signs clear to people who have sure faith.

Translation notes: [50] These are from Arab pagans and from the people of the Book, elsewhere called ‘the illiterates’.

We have sent you with the truth [O Prophet] as a bearer of glad tidings and a warner, and you will not be questioned about the people of the Blazing Fire.

The Jews and the Christians will never be pleased with you until you follow their religion. Say, “The guidance of Allah is the [true] guidance.” If you were to follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, then you would have no protector or helper against Allah.

Those to whom We have given the Book recite it as it should be recited, it is they who believe in it. As for those who disbelieve in it, it is they who are the losers.

O Children of Israel, remember My blessings that I bestowed upon you, and that I favored you over all other people.

And beware of the Day when no one will avail another in any way; no compensation will be accepted, and no intercession will benefit it, nor will they be helped.

And [remember] when Abraham was tested by his Lord with certain words, which he fulfilled[51]. Allah said, “I will make you a leader for mankind.” He said, “And from among my descendants?” Allah said, “My covenant does not include the wrongdoers.”

Translation notes: [51] Allah assigned some tasks and commandments for Abraham (عليه السلام) to carry out, which he fulfilled dutifully.

And [remember] when We made the House [i.e., Ka‘bah] a focal point and a sanctuary for the people. “[O believers], take the Station of Abraham as a place for prayer.” We charged Abraham and Ishmael to purify My House for those who perform circumambulation[52] or stay for worship, or those who bow down and prostrate.

Translation notes: [52] A form of worship particular to the Ka‘bah consisting of going around it in circuits.

And [remember] when Abraham said, “My Lord, make this city [of Makkah] a sanctuary and provide its people with fruits – those among them who believe in Allah and the Last Day.” [Allah] said, “As for those who disbelieve, I will grant them enjoyment for a short while, then I will force them into the punishment of the Fire. What a terrible destination!”

And [remember] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and Ishmael, [saying], “Our Lord, accept this from us, for You are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

Our Lord, make us both submitted to You and from our descendants a nation submitted to You; and show us our rituals[53] and accept our repentance. You are the Accepter of Repentance, Most Merciful.

Translation notes: [53] The rituals of Hajj and ‘Umrah.

Our Lord, send among them a messenger[54] to recite to them Your revelations, teach them the Book and wisdom, and purify them. You are the All-Mighty, the All-Wise.”

Translation notes: [54] The Messenger from the posterity of Ishmael; i.e., Muhammad (ﷺ).

Who would forsake the religion of Abraham[55] except a fool! We have chosen him in this world, and in the Hereafter he will be among the righteous.

Translation notes: [55] The ‘religion of Abraham’, known as hanīfiyyah, is the most primordial, pristine and uncorrupted of all divine religions. The Qur’an underlines Islam’s close relation to it in various places.

When his Lord said to him, “Submit[56],” he said, “I have submitted to the Lord of the worlds.”

Translation notes: [56] The meaning of the word "Islam" is "submission to the will of Allah." This is ordained by Allah and taught by all of the prophets from Adam to Muhammad (ﷺ). A Muslim is one who submits himself to Allah.

This was enjoined by Abraham and Jacob to their offspring, “O my children, Allah has chosen for you this religion; so do not die except as Muslims.”

Or were you present when death approached Jacob, when he said to his children, “What will you worship after me”? They said, “We will worship your God and the God of your fathers – Abraham, Ishmael[57], and Isaac – the One God. And to Him we submit.”

Translation notes: [57] Ishmael was actually Jacob’s paternal uncle. They counted him among Jacob’s ‘fathers’ out of respect.

That was a nation that has passed on; they will have what they earned and you will have what you earned, and you will not be questioned concerning what they used to do.

They say, “Be Jews or Christians to be guided.” Say, “Rather [we follow] the religion of Abraham, the monotheist, and he was not one of the polytheists[58].”

Translation notes: [58] i.e., those who associate others with Allah in worship.

Say [O believers], “We believe in Allah and what has been sent down to us; and what was sent down to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the descendants [of Jacob][59]; and what was given to Moses and Jesus; and what was given to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and to Him we have submitted.”

Translation notes: [59] i.e., the twelve tribes of Israel descended from Jacob.

If they believe as you have believed, then they are guided. But if they turn away, then they are in plain dissension. Allah will suffice you against them, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

This is the natural religion[60] of Allah. Who is better than Allah in [enjoining a] religion? And it is He Whom we worship.

Translation notes: [60] “Sibghah” linguistically means ‘color’. It is so called because religious devoutness shows on the person as much as a dye of cloth shows on it.

Say, “Do you [People of the Book] argue with us concerning Allah, when He is our Lord and your Lord? We are responsible for our deeds and you for yours, and we are sincerely devoted to Him.

Or do you say that Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the descendants [of Jacob] were Jews or Christians?” Say, “Are you more knowledgeable or Allah?” Who does greater wrong than the one who hides a testimony he has from Allah? But Allah is not unaware of what you do.

That was a nation that has passed on; they will have what they earned and you will have what you earned, and you will not be questioned concerning what they used to do.

The foolish among the people will say: “What has turned them away from their prayer direction they used to face[61]?” Say: “To Allah belong the east and west: He guides whom He wills to a straight path.”

Translation notes: [61] Prior to the command (in verse 144) that the Prophet (ﷺ) and his followers turn toward the Ka‘bah in Makkah for prayer, they had been facing Jerusalem to the north. Further details are mentioned in succeeding verses.

Thus We made you a balanced nation, so that you may be witnesses over mankind and the Messenger a witness over you. We did not change your former direction of prayer [to the Ka‘bah] except to distinguish those who would follow the Messenger from those who would turn back on their heels. It was surely burdensome except for those whom Allah guided. Allah would never let your [acts of] faith go to waste, for Allah is Most Gracious and Most Merciful to all people.

We see the turning of your face [O Prophet] towards heaven[62]; We will surely make you turn towards a prayer direction that will please you. So turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque [in Makkah], and wherever you are, turn your faces towards it. Those who were given the Scripture know that this is the truth from their Lord, and Allah is not unaware of what they do.

Translation notes: [62] The Prophet (ﷺ) was awaiting the command to change the qiblah; so he used to look up at the sky.

Even if you were to bring every proof to those who have been given the Scripture, they would not follow your prayer direction, nor would you follow their prayer direction; nor would any of them follow the prayer direction of the other. However, if you were to follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, then you would surely be among the wrongdoers.

Those whom We gave the Scripture recognize him [i.e., the Prophet] as they recognize their own sons, yet a group of them conceals the truth knowingly[63].

Translation notes: [63] That the Ka‘bah is the correct direction of Prayer.

It is the truth from your Lord; so never be among those who doubt.

Every nation has a direction to which it turns, so compete with one another in good deeds. Wherever you are, Allah will bring you all together, for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

From wherever you set out, turn your face to the direction of the Sacred Mosque [in Makkah]. This is surely the truth from your Lord, and Allah is not unaware of what you do.

From wherever you set out, turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque [i.e., Ka‘bah]. Wherever you are, turn your faces towards it, so that the people should not have any proof against you[64], except for the wrongdoers among them. So do not fear them but fear Me, so that I may complete My favor upon you [all] and that you may be guided.

Translation notes: [64] One of the reasons for the change of qiblah was so that the Jews would have no argument against the Muslims.

Just as We have sent you a messenger from among you, reciting to you Our verses, purifying you, and teaching you the Book and Wisdom[65], and teaching you what you did not know.

Translation notes: [65] The wisdom taught by the Prophet (ﷺ) is his Sunnah.

Therefore remember Me; I will remember you[66]. Be grateful to Me, and do not be ungrateful.

Translation notes: [66] Remember Me (by praying, glorifying, etc), and I will remember you (by remembering you and bestowing countless favors on you). Allah says in a Qudsi Hadith: "...If he remembers Me in himself, I remember him in Myself; and if he remembers Me in a group, I remember him in a group better than them..." [Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]

O you who believe, seek help in patience and prayer, for Allah is with those who are patient[67].

Translation notes: [67] Allah is with them; by guiding and supporting them.

And do not say that those martyred in Allah’s way are dead. Rather, they are alive, but you do not perceive it.

We will surely test you with something of fear and famine, and loss of property, lives and fruits. But give glad tidings[68] to those who are patient.

Translation notes: [68] As much as there are hardships and trials, there are rewards and favors.

Those when afflicted with a disaster, say, “We belong to Allah, and to Him we will return.”

They are those upon whom are blessings and mercy from their Lord, and it is they who are guided.

Indeed, Safa and Marwah [mounts] are among the symbols of Allah. So whoever performs the pilgrimage or ‘Umra, there is no blame upon him to go between them[69]. And whoever does good voluntarily, then Allah is All-Appreciative, All-Knowing.

Translation notes: [69] Some believers had previously feared that this might be a pagan practice, so Allah confirms that this is among the rites of Islam.

Those who conceal the clear proofs and guidance that We have sent down – after We explained it clearly to people in the Scripture – it is they who are cursed by Allah and will be cursed by those who curse[70].

Translation notes: [70] From among the angels, the prophets, and the believers.

Except for those who repent, mend their deeds, and clarify the truth; I will surely accept their repentance, for I am the Accepter of Repentance, the Most Merciful.

Those who disbelieve and die as disbelievers are cursed by Allah and the angels, and by all people.

They will abide in [the curse] forever. Their punishment will not be lightened, nor will they be granted any respite.

And your god is one God. None has the right to be worshiped except Him – the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and earth; the alternation of the night and day; the sailing of the ships in the sea for the benefit of people; the sending down of rain from the sky by Allah, reviving thereby the earth after its death; the spreading of all kinds of creatures therein; the directing of the winds and clouds between the sky and earth – in all these, there are signs[71] for people of understanding.

Translation notes: [71] There are two āyāt (signs) leading to belief: Quranic verses and cosmic signs. The signs meant in this verse are cosmic.

And among people, there are some who take others as equals to Allah[72]: they love them as they should love Allah. But those who believe are stronger in their love for Allah. If only the wrongdoers could see the punishment, they would surely realize that all power belongs to Allah and that Allah is severe in punishment.

Translation notes: [72] In spite of all these clear signs, some people still worship false deities besides Allah.

[Consider] when those who were followed, they will disown their followers when they see the punishment, and all ties between them will be cut off.

The followers will say, “If only we could have another chance, so we could disown them as they have disowned us.” Thus will Allah show them their deeds as sources of regret, and they will never get out of the Fire.

O people, eat from what is lawful and good[73] on earth, and do not follow the footsteps of Satan, for he is your sworn enemy.

Translation notes: [73] Two conditions for consuming food: lawful, and beneficial; not harmful.

He only orders you to commit evil and immoral deeds, and to say concerning Allah what you do not know[74].

Translation notes: [74] Falsely claiming that Allah made one thing lawful and another unlawful.

When it is said to them, “Follow what Allah has sent down,” they say, “Instead, we follow what we found our forefathers doing.” [Would they do so] even though their forefathers had no understanding, nor were they guided?

The similitude of those who disbelieved is like cattle not understanding the calls of the shepherd except shouts and cries. They are deaf, dumb, and blind[75]; and they understand nothing.

Translation notes: [75] Their senses are not tuned to divine admonition.

O you who believe, eat of the good things[76] We have provided for you, and be grateful to Allah, if you truly worship Him alone.

Translation notes: [76] Healthy and wholesome.

He has only forbidden to you carrion, blood, the flesh of swine, and what has been sacrificed to other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity – neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need – then there is no sin upon him; for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Those who conceal the revelation of Allah’s Book and purchase thereby a small price, consume nothing into their bellies except fire. Allah will not speak to them on the Day of Resurrection nor will He purify them, and for them there will be a painful punishment.

They are those who trade guidance for misguidance and forgiveness for punishment. How patient they must be to withstand the Fire[77]!

Translation notes: [77] Allah is mocking their ignorance for exchanging bliss of Paradise with punishment of Hellfire.

That is because Allah has sent down the Book in truth. And those who differ over the Book are surely in extreme dissension.

It is not righteousness to turn your faces towards the east or the west, but righteousness is to believe in Allah, the Last Day, the angels, the Scriptures, and the prophets; and to give charity out of one’s cherished wealth to relatives, orphans, the needy, the wayfarer, beggars, and to free slaves; to establish prayer and give zakah; to fulfill the ratified pledges; to be patient at times of hardship, adversity, and during the battle. Such are the true believers, and such are the righteous.

O you who believe, legal retribution is prescribed for you in cases of murder – a free for a free, a slave for a slave, and a female for a female. But if one is pardoned by the victim’s guardian, then a fair ransom of blood money should be set and paid in the best way. This is a concession and a mercy from your Lord. But whoever transgresses the limits afterward, will have a painful punishment.

In the legal retribution, there is [saving of] life for you, O people of understanding, so that you may become righteous.

It is prescribed for you that when death approaches one of you – if he leaves behind any wealth – a bequest should be made in favor of parents and immediate family members[78] with fairness, this is a duty upon the righteous.

Translation notes: [78] This ruling was abrogated in Surah an-Nisā’, stipulating obligatory shares for parents and close relatives. Those who do not inherit by law may be remembered in a bequest.

If someone alters the bequest[79] after hearing it, they will bear the sin of the alteration, for Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Translation notes: [79] i.e., the will of the deceased.

But if someone fears partiality or injustice from the testator, and puts things right between the parties, then there is no sin upon him, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

O you who believe, fasting[80] is prescribed upon you as it was prescribed upon those who were before you, so that you may become righteous.

Translation notes: [80] To abstain from food, drink, and sexual relations from dawn to dusk.

[Fasting is for] a specific number of days; but if anyone of you is ill or on a journey, he should make up for those days. As for those who can only fast with hardship, compensation can be made by feeding a needy person [for each day]. But anyone who volunteers to give more, it is better for him. Yet fasting is better for you, if only you knew[81].

Translation notes: [81] The provision of this verse has been abrogated by the next verse: 185, with few exceptions, i.e., very old person, or pregnant, etc.

Ramadān is a month in which the Qur’an was sent down[82] as a guidance for mankind and as clear signs that show the right way and distinguish between right and wrong. So whoever of you witnesses this month, should fast. But if anyone is ill or on a journey, he should make up for those days. Allah wants ease for you and does not want hardship for you, so that you may complete the prescribed number of days, and proclaim the greatness of Allah for having guided you, and so that you may be grateful.

Translation notes: [82] This either means that the Qur’an was sent down from the Preserved Tablet to the Lowest Heaven on the Night of Decree during the month of Ramadan, or that it was the start of the revelation to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

When My slaves ask you concerning Me, I am indeed near[83]. I respond to the call of the supplicant when he calls upon Me; so they should respond to Me and believe in Me, so that they may be guided.

Translation notes: [83] Allah’s nearness means that one does not need to raise his voice or to ask for intercession in order that his prayers be answered.

It has been made permissible for you to be intimate with your wives on the nights of the fast. They are a garment for you just as you are a garment for them. Allah knows that you used to deceive yourselves, so He accepted your repentance and pardoned you. So now you may have intimacy with them[84] and seek what Allah has destined for you. And eat and drink until you see the light of dawn distinct from the darkness of night, then complete the fast until nightfall. However, should you be in a devotional retreat in the mosques then do not be intimate with them. These are the limits set by Allah, so do not even come near to them. This is how Allah makes His verses clear to people, so that they may become righteous.

Translation notes: [84] Prior to this revelation, marital relations were unlawful during nights preceding fasting. Some were unable to refrain and secretly disobeyed, but Allah accepted their repentance, and then it was made lawful.

Do not consume one another’s property unjustly, nor entice the rulers[85] in order to consume a portion of people’s property wrongfully while you know [it is sin].

Translation notes: [85] By offering bribes to those who rule in cases of litigation, i.e., judges.

They ask you about the phases of the moon. Say, “They are a means for people to determine time and pilgrimage.” It is not righteousness to enter the houses from the rear [in pilgrimage][86], but righteousness is to fear Allah. So enter the houses through their doors, and fear Allah so that you may succeed.

Translation notes: [86] It was an Arab practice prior to Islam to enter their houses from the back after assuming ihrām for pilgrimage, considering it an act of obedience.

Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you[87], but do not transgress[88], for Allah does not like transgressors.

Translation notes: [87] This verse is the first one that was revealed in connection with Jihad. [88] Do not overlook the rulings prescribed for fighting, such as: not killing or harming women, children, the elderly, and those who did not aid the fight against you.

And kill them wherever you find them[89], and drive them out from where they drove you out[90], for persecution[91] is far worse than killing. But do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque unless they fight you there. However, if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.

Translation notes: [89] i.e., the disbelievers who raised arms against you. [90] i.e., the land of Makkah from which the Muslims were expelled. [91] Among the meanings of "fitnah" are: disbelief and its imposition on others, dissension, trial, and torment.

But if they desist, then Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Fight them until there is no more persecution[92] and religion is only for Allah. But if they desist, let there be no aggression except against the oppressors.

Translation notes: [92] Or disbelief, polytheism, prevention from the way of Allah, etc.

[Battle in] a sacred month[93] is for [aggression committed in] a sacred month, and violations are subject to retribution. So if anyone commits aggression against you, return the aggression against him in the same manner as he showed against you. But fear Allah, and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.

Translation notes: [93] The sacred months: Dhul-Qi‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah, Muharram, and Rajab.

Spend in the way of Allah[94] and do not throw yourselves into destruction[95], and do good, for Allah loves those who do good.

Translation notes: [94] Raise funds to prepare for a just fight. [95] By not making preparations.

And Complete Hajj and ‘Umrah for Allah. But if you are prevented, then [offer] whatever sacrificial animal is available, and do not shave your heads until the sacrificial animal reaches its place of sacrifice. But if anyone among you is sick or has an ailment of the scalp [and had his head shaved], then he must compensate by fasting, charity, or a sacrificial offering[96]. And when you are safe, then if anyone takes a break between ‘Umrah and Hajj, he must offer a sacrifice of whatever animal is available. However, if he cannot afford an offering, he should fast for three days during Hajj and seven days upon his return [home], making ten days in all. This is for those who are not residents of the Sacred Mosque. And fear Allah, and know that Allah is severe in retribution.

Translation notes: [96] Fasting three days, feeding six poor of Haram (sanctified area of Makkah), or slaughtering a sheep or goat and distributing it among the poor of Haram.

The pilgrimage is in known months[97]. Whoever commits himself to perform the pilgrimage, there should be no intimacy, foul language, and arguments during the pilgrimage. Whatever good you do, Allah is aware of it. And take provisions for the journey, but the best provision is righteousness. So fear Me, O people of understanding.

Translation notes: [97] These are: Shawwal, Dhū al-Qi‘dah, and the first ten days of Dhū al-Hijjah.

There is no blame upon you for seeking the bounty of your Lord [by trading]. But as you leave the plains of ‘Arafāt, remember Allah at the Sacred Site [in Muzdalifah] and remember Him for having guided you, for you were previously among those who had gone astray.

Then move on from where the people move on[98], and seek Allah’s forgiveness, for Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Translation notes: [98] The addressees are the Quraysh, who held back from going to ‘Arafāt and instead remained in Muzdalifah, considering themselves above others.

When you have completed your rites, remember Allah as you used to remember your forefathers[99], or even with greater remembrance. There are some people who say, “Our Lord, give us in this world,” but they will have no share in the Hereafter.

Translation notes: [99] The Arabs were very fond of talking without end about the chivalric and heroic deeds of their ancestors.

And there are others[100] who say, “Our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and protect us from the punishment of the Fire.”

Translation notes: [100] These are the ones who are well-guided.

They[101] will receive their share of what they have earned. And Allah is swift in reckoning.

Translation notes: [101] Those who supplicate with this prayer.

And remember Allah during the appointed days[102]. But whoever hastens to depart [Mina] on the second day, there is no sin upon him; and whoever delays [until the third], there is no sin upon him for those who fear Allah. So fear Allah, and know that you will be gathered before Him.

Translation notes: [102] These are the three days of staying at Mina during Hajj: 11th, 12th and 13th of Dhul-Hijjah.

There are some [hypocrites] who amaze you with their words in the life of this world and call upon Allah to witness what is in their heart, yet they are the fiercest opponents[103].

Translation notes: [103] The Prophet (ﷺ) said, as in Sahih al-Bukhāri: "The most hated person to Allah is the one who is most quarrelsome of the opponents."

When they leave [you], they strive to spread corruption in the land[104] and destroy crops and livestock, whereas Allah does not like corruption.

Translation notes: [104] By spreading disbelief, rebellion against Allah, and injustice, which brings about punishment of withholding rain, thus causing ruination of crops and death of cattle.

When it is said to them, “Fear Allah,” pride takes hold of them to persist in sin. Hellfire is sufficient for them. What a terrible resting place!

But there are some people who sell their souls[105] to seek Allah’s pleasure, and Allah is Most Gracious to His slaves.

Translation notes: [105] i.e., give away their lives.

O you who believe, enter into Islam completely and do not follow the footsteps of Satan, for He is your sworn enemy.

Should you slip back after the clear signs have come to you, then beware that Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Are they waiting that Allah should come to them in the shadows of clouds[106], along with the angels? But then the matter would be decided. And to Allah return all matters.

Translation notes: [106] On the Day of Judgment Allah comes in this form - the way befitting His Majesty - to pass judgment on His creation.

Ask the Children of Israel how many clear signs We have given them. But anyone who substitutes the favors of Allah [for disbelief] after receiving it, then Allah is severe in punishment.

The life of this world is made appealing to those who disbelieve, and they ridicule the believers, while those who fear Allah will be above them on the Day of Resurrection. And Allah provides to whom He wills without measure.

Mankind was just one nation. Then Allah sent prophets with glad tidings and warnings[107], and sent down to them the Scriptures in truth, to judge between people in matters over which they disputed. But none disputed thereafter except out of arrogance after they had received the clear proofs[108]. Then Allah, by His grace, guided those who believed to the truth in which they disputed. For Allah guides whom He wills to a straight path.

Translation notes: [107] Ibn ‘Abbās (رضي الله عنهما) reported: “The time between Adam and Noah was ten centuries. People were on the right path, but then they started disputing over matters of faith. So, Allah sent prophets bearing glad tiding and warning”. ­[Al-Mustadrak of Al-Hākim]. [108] The plight of humans, especially those who lack sincerity and humbleness, is such that the more knowledge they possess, the more haughty and disputatious they become.

Do you think that you will enter Paradise without being tested like those before you who were tested? They were afflicted with poverty and adversity and were shaken[109] until the messenger[110] and the believers with him said, “When will the help of Allah come?” Indeed, the victory of Allah is near.

Translation notes: [109] The road to Paradise is not paved with roses; it can only be reached through hardship. [110] Any of the previous Prophets.

They ask you what they should spend. Say, “Whatever good you spend should be for parents, relatives, orphans and the needy, and the wayfarer; and whatever good you do, Allah is All-Knowing of it.”

Fighting has been enjoined upon you, even though you dislike it. But it maybe that you dislike something which is good for you, and you like something which is bad for you. Allah knows and you do not know.

They ask you about fighting in the Sacred Months[111]. Say, “Fighting therein is a great sin, but preventing people from the path of Allah, disbelieving in Him, preventing from the Sacred Mosque, and expelling its people from it is a greater sin with Allah, and persecution is far worse than fighting[112].” They will not cease fighting you until they turn you away from your faith if they can. And if anyone among you renounces his faith and dies as a disbeliever, their deeds will be void in this life and in the Hereafter. They are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.

Translation notes: [111] Sacred Months are: 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the lunar calendar. [112] The disbelievers asked this to scorn the Prophet (ﷺ) for what they saw as breaking an oath when a group of believers unknowingly killed a disbeliever during a sacrosanct month. [An-Nasā’ī, As-Sunan al-Kubrā].

Those who believed, migrated, and fought for the sake of Allah – it is they who hope for Allah’s mercy, and Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

They ask you about intoxicants and gambling. Say, “In both, there is a great sin, and some benefits for people, but their sin is far greater than their benefit[113].” They ask you what they should spend. Say, “The surplus”. This is how Allah makes His verses clear to you, so that you may contemplate –

Translation notes: [113] The provision of this verse concerning alcoholic drinks and gambling has been abrogated by the verse 5:90.

in this life and the Hereafter. They ask you about orphans. Say, “Serving their interests is best. Should you mix your affairs with theirs, then they are your brothers. Allah knows who is dishonest and who is honest. If Allah had willed, He could have made things hard for you. Allah is indeed All-Mighty, All-Wise.”

Do not marry polytheist women until they believe; for a believing slave woman is better than a free polytheist, even though she may attract you. And do not give your women in marriage to polytheist men until they believe, for a believing slave is better than a free polytheist, even though he may attract you. They invite to the Fire while Allah invites to Paradise and to forgiveness by His grace, and He makes His verses clear to people so that they may take heed[114].

Translation notes: [114] i.e., worship and obey Allah alone.

They ask you about menstruation. Say: “It is impurity; so stay away from women during menstruation[115] and do not have intercourse with them until they become pure. When they are cleansed[116], then have intimacy with them as Allah has commanded you. Allah loves those who frequently repent and He loves those who purify themselves.

Translation notes: [115] i.e., refrain from sexual intercourse. [116] By taking a ritual bath (ghusl).

Your wives are a [place of] tillage for you, so come to your tillage as you please[117], and send forth something good for yourselves. Fear Allah and know that you will meet Him, and give glad tidings to the believers.”

Translation notes: [117] Have sexual relations with your wives in any position as long as it is in the vagina.

Do not use Allah’s name in your oaths as an excuse for not doing good and fearing Allah, or not making peace between people, for Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Allah does not hold you accountable for unintentional oaths, but He holds you accountable for what your hearts have intended. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Forbearing.

For those who swear not to have intercourse with their wives is a waiting period of four months. Should they then return [to each other], then Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

But if they are determined to divorce, then Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Divorced women should wait for three menstrual cycles[118]. It is not permissible for them to hide what Allah has created in their wombs[119] if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. Their husbands have the greater right to take them back within that period[120] if they want reconciliation. Women have rights similar to the rights over them in a reasonable manner, although men have a higher degree [of responsibility] over them. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Translation notes: [118] Either menstrual periods or periods of purity between menstruation; to ensure that no pregnancy has taken place. [119] That is to conceal pregnancy during their waiting period (‘iddah), with the intention of concluding the divorce. [120] During the ‘iddah period of a first and second divorce without a new marriage contract.

Divorce may be pronounced twice; then either retaining in all kindness, or separating in the best way. It is not lawful for you to take back anything that you have given them [of dowry], except when they both fear that they would not be able to maintain the limits ordained by Allah. So if you fear that they would not be able to maintain the limits set by Allah, then there is no sin upon either of them if she opts to give something for her release[121]. These are the limits ordained by Allah, so do not exceed them; whosoever exceeds the limits ordained by Allah, it is they who are the wrongdoers.

Translation notes: [121] Al-Khul‘ means the parting of a wife from her husband by returning the sum of money she received from him as dowry or gifts in exchange for conceding to her demand for divorce.

Thereafter, if he divorces her [the third time], it is not lawful for him to remarry her until she marries another man[122]. Should he divorce her, then there is no sin on them to return to each other[123], provided that they would maintain the limits ordained by Allah. These are the limits ordained by Allah, which He makes clear to people who understand.

Translation notes: [122] With the intention of permanence, not merely in order to return to the previous husband. [123] Going back to her earlier husband if the divorce from her subsequent husband is sealed.

When you divorce women and they have completed their waiting period, either retain them with fairness or release them with fairness. Do not retain them in order to harm them[124], exceeding the limits. Whoever does this, he has wronged himself. Do not make mockery of Allah’s verses, and remember Allah’s grace upon you and what He has sent down to you of the Book and the Wisdom, to exhort you. And fear Allah, and know that Allah is All-Knowing of everything.

Translation notes: [124] By prolonging an agonizing waiting period, holding them back from marrying other husbands or forcing them into seeking separation.

When you divorce women, and they have reached the end of their waiting period, do not prevent them from marrying their husbands[125] if they mutually agree with fairness. This advice is for all among you who believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is better and purer for you. And Allah knows, and you do not know.

Translation notes: [125] For the first or second time.

Mothers[126] may breastfeed their children for two full years, for those who wish to complete the full term of breastfeeding. It is the obligation upon the father of the child that he provides food and clothing [for the mothers] with fairness. No soul is obligated beyond what it can bear. Neither mother nor father should be made to suffer on account of their child, and the same duty is incumbent on the heir. If they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent and consultation, there is no sin on them. And If you wish to provide a wet nurse to your children, there is no sin on you, if you pay in full what you have agreed upon with fairness. But fear Allah and know that Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.

Translation notes: [126] ‘Mothers’ here means divorced mothers.

Those among you who pass away and leave behind widows should refrain from remarrying for four months and ten days. When they have completed their waiting period, there is no sin on you concerning what they do for themselves[127] in a reasonable manner[128]. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.

Translation notes: [127] They may remarry if they wish. [128] A social norm that entails keeping within the dictates of Islam.

There is no sin on you if you hint a proposal of marriage or keep it concealed in your hearts. Allah knows that you will make mention of them[129], but do not make a secret promise with them, except that you may say something appropriate[130]. Do not resolve a marriage contract until the prescribed time is reached. And know that Allah knows what is in your hearts, so be cautious of Him and know that Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Forbearing.

Translation notes: [129] i.e., the widowed or irrevocably divorced. [130] e.g. by saying to her, "If one finds a wife like you, he will be happy" or so.

There is no sin on you if you divorce women before you have consummated the marriage or the dowry has been fixed; but give them a [gift of] compensation – the wealthy according to his means and the poor according to his means – a reasonable compensation is an obligation upon those who do good.

If you divorce them before you have consummated the marriage, but you have already fixed their dowry, then pay half the amount agreed upon, unless the wife graciously waives it or the husband graciously pays it in full, but graciousness is closer to piety. Do not forget to be graceful to one another, for Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.

Be mindful of the prayers[131], especially the middle prayer; and stand before Allah in complete devotion[132].

Translation notes: [131] The five obligatory daily Prayers. [132] Prayers are mentioned in the midst of marital affair rulings, because of the hurtful feelings divorce can leave. Hence, people are reminded of the Hereafter, whereby they should not ‘overlook kindness’ among themselves by this reminder of accountability.

If you are in danger[133], then pray while walking or riding. But when you are safe, remember Allah as He taught you what you did not know.

Translation notes: [133] Of an imminent danger such as enemies and the like.

Those of you who pass away leaving widows should bequeath in their favor to be maintained for one year without forcing them out[134]. But if they leave, then there is no blame on you for what they reasonably do with themselves. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

Translation notes: [134] The provision of this verse has been abrogated by verse 4:12.

The divorced women must be paid reasonable compensation, an obligation upon the righteous.

This is how Allah makes His verses clear to you, so that you may understand.

Have you not seen those who left their homes, while they were in thousands for fear of death? Then Allah said to them, “Die,” and then He brought them back to life[135]. For Allah is ever Gracious to people, but most people are ungrateful.

Translation notes: [135] In order to show them that they could not escape His Judgment and make them realize that He is capable of bringing about their worst fears, only then to give them their lives back again.

And fight in the way of Allah and know that Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Who is it that will lend to Allah a goodly loan[136], so He will multiply it for him manifold? It is Allah Who withholds and gives in abundance, and to Him you will be returned.

Translation notes: [136] i.e., spending in the cause of Allah in expectation of nothing but His reward.

Did you not see the chiefs of the Children of Israel after Moses when they said to their prophet: “Appoint for us a king so that we fight in the way of Allah.” He said: “How likely is it that if fighting was enjoined upon you that you will not fight?” They said: “How could we not fight in the way of Allah, while we have been driven out of our homes and separated from our children[137]?” However, when fighting was enjoined upon them, they turned away, except a few of them. And Allah is All-Knowing of the wrongdoers.

Translation notes: [137] Their women and children were taken as captives by the enemy.

Their prophet said to them: “Allah has appointed Saul as your king.” They said: “How could he be a king over us when we are more deserving of kingship than him, and he has not been given affluence in wealth?” He said: “Allah has chosen him over you and has increased him abundantly in knowledge and physique. Allah gives kingship to whom He wills, and Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.”

Their prophet further said to them: “The sign of his kingship is that the Ark will come to you – carried by the angels – having therein tranquility[138] from your Lord and remains of what the House of Moses and the House of Aaron had left. Indeed, there is a sign in this for you, if you are true believers.”

Translation notes: [138] i.e., was giving reassurance.

When Saul set out along with the troops, he said: “Allah will test you with a river: whoever drinks from it, he is not from me, and whoever does not drink from it, he is from me, except the one who scoops a little with his hand.” But they all drank from it, except a few of them. When Saul and those who believed with him crossed the river, they said: “We do not have power against Goliath and his troops today.” But those who were certain that they will meet Allah said: “How often has a small group overcome large groups with Allah’s permission! And Allah is with those who are patient.”

When they faced Goliath and his troops in combat, they said: “Our Lord, shower us with patience, make our feet firm, and give us victory over the disbelieving people.”

Thus they defeated them by Allah’s grace, and David killed Goliath, and Allah gave him the kingdom and wisdom and taught him whatever He willed[139]. Were it not for Allah to repel some people by others, the earth would be filled with corruption, but Allah is All-Gracious to the worlds.

Translation notes: [139] i.e., knowledge of prophethood and kingdom, and how to make body armor.

These are the verses of Allah that We recite to you [O Prophet] in truth, and you are truly one of the Messengers.

Those messengers: We favored some over others. There are some to whom Allah spoke[140], and some He raised high in rank[141]. To Jesus, son of Mary, We gave clear signs and supported him with the Holy Spirit[142]. If Allah had willed, those who came after them would not have fought one another after receiving clear signs. But they differed – some believed and some disbelieved. If Allah had willed, they would not have fought one another, but Allah does what He wills.

Translation notes: [140] Such as Moses (عليه السلام). [141] Such as Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). [142] Miracles and the Evangel (Gospel).

O you who believe, spend from what We have provided for you before there comes a day when there will be no trading, friendship, or intercession. It is the disbelievers who are the wrongdoers.

Allah: none has the right to be worshiped except Him, the Ever-Living[143], All-Sustaining[144]. Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep[145]. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. Who is there that can intercede with Him except with His permission? He knows what was before them and what will be after them[146], while they encompass nothing of His knowledge, except what He wills. His Kursī[147] [i.e., footstool] extends over the heavens and earth, and safeguarding of both does not weary Him, for He is the Most High[148], the Most Great[149].[150]

Translation notes: [143] Whose life is perfect, complete, and eternal, without beginning or end. [144] Dependent on none for His existence while being the sustainer of all created beings. [145] Dozing off and falling asleep are but normal to all creation that are inherently frail. [146] Allah's knowledge encompasses every aspect of His creations in the past, present and future. [147] Chair or footstool. It is not to be confused with al-‘Arsh (the Throne), which is infinitely higher and greater than al-Kursī. [148] Above all of His creations and superior to them in essence, rank, and position. [149] Whose greatness is unlimited, beyond description or imagination. [150] This verse is known as Āyat al-Kursī, lit. The verse of the Footstool. It is the greatest verse in the Qur’an.

There is no compulsion in religion[151]; the truth has been made distinct from falsehood. Whoever rejects Tāghoot [152][i.e., false gods] and believes in Allah, has indeed grasped the strong handhold that never breaks[153]. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.

Translation notes: [151] This is a great Islamic principle whereby no one is to be coerced to believe, but it is the duty of the believers to make sure that people know what is right and what is wrong. [152] False objects of worship, such as devils, idols, stones, sun, stars, angels, saints, graves, rulers, etc. [153] This verse immediately follows Āyat al-Kursī for good reason, as the previous verse contains clear proofs of the Oneness and Greatness of Allah, which purges Godliness from all that are worshiped besides Allah (Tāghoot).

Allah is the Protector of those who believe; He brings them out of the depths of darkness into the light[154]. As for those who disbelieve, their protectors are false gods; they bring them out from the light into the depths of darkness. They are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.

Translation notes: [154] The light of truth is one, while the darknesses of disbelief, doubt and error are many.

Have you not considered the one[155] who argued with Abraham about his Lord, as Allah had given him kingship? When Abraham said, “My Lord is the One Who gives life and causes death.” He said, “I give life and cause death.” Abraham said, “It is Allah Who brings the sun from the east, so bring it from the west.” Thus the disbeliever was dumbfounded, and Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people[156].

Translation notes: [155] He is said to be the Biblical King Nimrod. [156] Were they really in search of the Truth, Allah would surely have led them to the right path.

Or [have you considered] the one who passed by a town in ruins with its roofs collapsed? He said: “How can Allah revive them after their death[157]?” Then Allah caused him to die for a hundred years, then revived him. He said, “How long have you remained [dead]?” He said, “I have remained for a day or part of a day”. He said, “No, but you have remained for a hundred years. Look at your food and your drink; they have not changed. But look at your donkey, so that We make you a sign for people. Look at the bones, how We bring them together then cover them with flesh.” When this was made clear to him, he said: “I know that Allah is Most Capable of all things.”

Translation notes: [157] The previous verse demonstrated Allah’s Lordship, whereas this and the next verse show His ability to resurrect.

And [remember] when Abraham said: “My Lord, show me how You give life to the dead.” He said: “Do you not believe?’’ He said: “I do believe, but just to reassure my heart[158].’’ Allah said: “Then take four birds and cut them into pieces, then put a piece of each of them on each mountain, then call them; they will come swiftly to you. And know that Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.”

Translation notes: [158] The Prophet (ﷺ) implied by saying: “We are more likely to doubt than Ibrāhīm” [Al-Bukhārī: 4537, Muslim: 151], when he heard that people said Abraham doubted. Scholars are of the opinion that Abraham wanted to reach the highest rank of knowledge ‘concrete certitude’ (haqq al-yaqīn).

The likeness of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is like a grain that sprouts seven ears, each ear bearing a hundred grains. And Allah gives multiple [rewards] for whom He wills. And Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.

Those who spend their wealth for the sake of Allah, then do not follow up their charity with reminders of generosity or hurtful words; they will have their reward with their Lord, and they will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

Kind words and forgiveness are better than charity followed by hurt. And Allah is Self-Sufficient, Most Forbearing.

O you who believe, do not nullify your charities with reminders and hurtful words, like the one who spends his wealth to show off before people but does not believe in Allah or the Last Day. His likeness is that of a smooth rock upon which is dust, when it is hit by a heavy rain it is left bare[159]. They will gain no reward from their deeds[160], and Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.

Translation notes: [159] Soilless and bare, unable to grow plants. [160] Their insincere spending will have no harvest to reap in the Hereafter.

And the likeness of those who spend their wealth, seeking the pleasure of Allah and fortifying their own souls, is that of a garden on a fertile hill[161]; if it is hit by a downpour, it yields double its harvest. And if it is not hit by a downpour, then a drizzle is sufficient. And Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.

Translation notes: [161] Gardens and farms on elevated land are more fertile than lower placed ones. This is the analogy Allah draws of the charity of the sincere. No matter how much it is, it grows and prospers.

Would any of you wish to have an orchard of date palms and grapevines, under which rivers flow, full of all kinds of fruits; but he grew old and had feeble young children, then it is hit by a fiery whirlwind, burning it all[162]? This is how Allah makes the verses clear to you so that you may reflect.

Translation notes: [162] Those who follow their charity by taunting and hurting the recipient’s feelings, thus rendering their charity void. ‘Umar (رضي الله عنه) said, "This is an example of a rich man who does good deeds out of obedience to Allah, and then Allah sends him Satan whereupon he commits sins till all his good deeds are lost." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 62]

O you who believe, spend in charity from the good things you have earned and of what We have produced for you from the earth[163]. Do not choose inferior things for charity, which you yourselves would not take except by overlooking. And know that Allah is Self-Sufficient, Praiseworthy.

Translation notes: [163] Crops and minerals.

Satan threatens you with poverty[164] and orders you to commit shameful acts[165], but Allah promises you forgiveness and bounty from Him. And Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.

Translation notes: [164] If you spend your money in charity. [165] Ibn al-Qayyim says: “Exegetes unanimously agree that al-fahshā’ here means miserliness” [Tarīq al-Hijratayn, p. 375].

He gives wisdom to whom He wills[166], and whoever is given wisdom is surely given abundant good, but none will take heed except people of understanding.

Translation notes: [166] The knowledge and understanding of the religion and of the Qur’an.

Whatever charity you give or vow[167] you make, Allah surely knows it. But the wrongdoers have no helpers.

Translation notes: [167] Nadhr (vowing): It is to make obligatory for oneself that which is not, usually in return for a Godly favor. For example, if my child is healed, I will give in charity such amount of money.

If you give charity publicly, it is good; but if you give it secretly to the poor, it is better for you[168], and He will expiate some of your sins. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.

Translation notes: [168] Observing secrecy while giving out voluntary charity to the poor is better than making it public, for it ensures his dignity and is closer to sincerity.

You are not responsible for their guidance [O Prophet], but Allah guides whom He wills. Whatever wealth you spend in charity, it is for your own good – as long as you do so seeking Allah’s pleasure. And whatever wealth you spend in charity, you will be rewarded in full, and you will not be wronged.

[Charity is] for the poor who are fully occupied in the cause of Allah, unable to move about in the land [for livelihood]; the one who is unaware would think that they are rich because of their self-restraint. You will recognize them by their appearance. They do not ask people importunately. And whatever wealth you give, then Allah is All-Knowing of it.

Those who spend their wealth in charity, day and night, in secret and in public; they will have their reward with their Lord, and they will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

Those who consume usury will not stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except like those being beaten by Satan. That is because they say, “Trade is just like usury[169].” But Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury. Whoever desists because of receiving admonition from his Lord may keep his past gains, and his case is left to Allah. But whoever returns to it, they are the people of the Fire; they will abide therein forever.

Translation notes: [169] The image given here of a person possessed by the devil staggering while standing and walking unsteadily as they are resurrected for the Day of Judgment. It is a just requital because it mimics their insatiable lust for money in this life, twisting the laws ordained by Allah as they declared lawful what is not.

Allah destroys usury and nourishes charities, and Allah does not like any ungrateful sinner.

Those who believe, do righteous deeds, establish prayer, and give zakah, will have their reward with their Lord; and they will have no fear, nor will they grieve.

O you who believe, fear Allah and give up usury that is still due, if you are truly believers.

But if you do not do it, then beware of a declaration of war from Allah and His Messenger. However, if you repent, you may retain your capital – neither harming nor suffering harm[170].

Translation notes: [170] Neither harming others by receiving interest, and nor suffering harm by preserving your principal capital in full.

If the debtor is in hardship, give him respite until it is easy for him to pay back. But if you waive it as charity[171], that is better for you, if only you knew.

Translation notes: [171] Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A man used to give loans to the people, and used to say to his servant, ‘If the debtor is poor, forgive him, so that Allah may forgive us.’ When he met Allah (after his death), Allah forgave him." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 687]

And fear the Day when you will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be rewarded in full for what it has earned, and none will be wronged.

O you who believe, when you contract a debt among yourselves for a fixed period of time, write it down, and let the scribe write it between you with fairness. The scribe whom Allah has taught should not refuse to write, so let him write, and let the debtor dictate, but he should fear Allah his Lord, and not diminish anything out of it. If the debtor is feeble-minded, weak, or unable to dictate, then let his guardian dictate fairly, and bring two witnesses from among your men; if two men are not available, then one man and two women from those whom you accept as witnesses – so that if one of them forgets, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned. Do not be reluctant to write down your debts, whether the amount is small or large, for a fixed period of time; that is more equitable in the sight of Allah, and more supportive as evidence, and more likely to prevent doubts among yourselves. However, if you are conducting a transaction on the spot between yourselves, there is no blame upon you not to write it, but take witnesses whenever you trade with one another. Neither a scribe nor a witness should suffer harm, for if you do cause them harm, it is indeed a sin on your part. So fear Allah, for it is Allah Who teaches you, and Allah is All-Knowing of everything[172].

Translation notes: [172] This is known as Āyat ad-Dayn, the verse of debt, and it is the longest verse in the Qur’an.

If you are on a journey and find no scribe, then something should be taken as collateral. But if you trust one another, then the debtor should fulfill his trust, and let him fear Allah, his Lord. Do not conceal the testimony, for anyone who conceals it has a sinful heart, and Allah is All-Knowing of what you do.

To Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. Whether you reveal what is within yourselves or conceal it, Allah will call you to account for it. He forgives whom He wills and punishes whom He wills, for Allah is Most Capable of all things.

The Messenger believes in what has been sent down to him from his Lord, as do the believers. All of them believe in Allah, His angels, His Books, and His messengers, [saying], “We make no distinction between any of His messengers.” And they say, “We hear and obey. Grant us Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination.”

Allah does not burden any soul greater than it can bear. For it is what it has earned, and against it is what it has incurred. “Our Lord, do not hold us accountable if we forget or fall into error. Our Lord, do not place on us such a burden as You have placed on those before us. Our Lord, do not burden us with that which we cannot bear. Pardon us, forgive us, and have mercy on us. You are our Protector, so give us victory over the disbelieving people[173].”[174]

Translation notes: [173] Allah Almighty concludes this Surah by directing His servants how to supplicate Him, just as He taught them in Surah al-Fātihah how to praise Him and ask for guidance. [174] Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whosoever recited the last two verses of Surat al-Baqarah at night, that will be sufficient for him." [Sahih al-Bukhāri: 345]